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Production of Cellulosic Pulp from Reed (Phragmites australis) to Produce Paper and Paperboard
María Dolores Gómez-Sánchez,
Rafael Sánchez,
Eduardo Espinosa,
Antonio Rosal,
Alejandro Rodríguez
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2017
Pages:
65-68
Received:
19 April 2017
Accepted:
13 May 2017
Published:
3 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.be.20170103.11
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Abstract: Due to the global increase in the demand for paper and cardboard, and depletion in some areas of wood resources (main raw material in the paper industry), it has been necessary to investigate new raw materials to substitute the conventional ones. In this work, Phragmites australis, commonly known as reed, has been studied. It has been characterized the chemical composition of the raw material by determining the ash content, α-cellulose, holocellulose, lignin and their extractables in ethanol, 1% soda and hot water. Subsequently three pulping processes have been conducted, using the “soda method" under three different operating conditions. The cellulosic pulps and the papersheets made from the pulps were analysed in order to determine the chemical and physical properties following the relevant TAPPI, UNE and ISO standards. Comparing the results obtained, it can be possible to conclude that the pulp obtained under the following operating conditions: 175°, 90 minutes and 14% of NaOH, presents the best results.
Abstract: Due to the global increase in the demand for paper and cardboard, and depletion in some areas of wood resources (main raw material in the paper industry), it has been necessary to investigate new raw materials to substitute the conventional ones. In this work, Phragmites australis, commonly known as reed, has been studied. It has been characterized...
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The Wastewater Nutrient Removal Efficiences of Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus
Bryant Isaac Mbir,
Appah John Kwame Mensah
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2017
Pages:
69-76
Received:
21 April 2017
Accepted:
27 May 2017
Published:
3 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.be.20170103.12
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Abstract: Urine treatment and nutrient removal was studied on a pilot scale in the DESAH building for a period of 3 months. The essence of the study was to evaluate the practical nutrient removal efficiencies of Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus. The microalgae were grown on 3 different media― namely; mixture (mixed treated and untreated urine), untreated urine and control, and their nutrient removal efficiencies were investigated. Urine that has passed through the OLAND RBC system served as treated urine, and Bold’s basal medium served as the control. The OLAND RBC system was able to remove 95.7% of total chemical oxygen demand (COD), 27.1% total nitrogen, 99.7% ammonium, 88.6% total phosphorus and 89.3% ortho-phosphate from the influent urine. Low nutrient removal performance at a very high N: P molar ratios were observed in microalgae in the untreated urine. However, the nutrient removal capacities of microalgae were very high at reduced N: P molar ratios in the mixed medium. Chlorella sorokiniana was able to remove 63.2% TN and 55.8% TP at a low N: P molar ratio of 8.5:1, while Scenedesmus obtusiusculus removed 45.9% TN and 76.3% TP at an N: P molar ratio of 6.9:1. The results indicate that nutrient removal by microalgae is most efficient in mixed OLAND RBC treated and untreated urine culture. Therefore, the integration of the OLAND RBC system when designing microalgae induced wastewater treatment technologies for sanitation purposes is advocated.
Abstract: Urine treatment and nutrient removal was studied on a pilot scale in the DESAH building for a period of 3 months. The essence of the study was to evaluate the practical nutrient removal efficiencies of Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus. The microalgae were grown on 3 different media― namely; mixture (mixed treated and untreated ur...
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A Study of Veronia Amygdalina Leaf Extract on Corrosion Resistance of 96%Al, 3.5%Zn and 0.5%Mg in Nacl Solution
Abdullahi Ahmed,
Salihu Omonowo Siyaka
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2017
Pages:
77-80
Received:
22 April 2017
Accepted:
15 May 2017
Published:
3 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.be.20170103.13
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Abstract: This paper presents a study of corrosion resistance of 96% Al, 3.5% Zn and 0.5% Mg using Veronia Amygdalina leaf extract as the inhibitor. The experiment was conducted in different concentration of Veronia Amygdalina (15, 30, 45, 60ml) at 4M Nacl solution. The experiment was evaluated using the weight or metal loss method. The results obtained were compared against a control experiment without addition of an inhibitor. The highest inhibitive effect was obtained at the corrosion rate of 0.34750mmpy at 240hrs in 30ml of aqueous extract of Veronia Amygdalina in Nacl solution.
Abstract: This paper presents a study of corrosion resistance of 96% Al, 3.5% Zn and 0.5% Mg using Veronia Amygdalina leaf extract as the inhibitor. The experiment was conducted in different concentration of Veronia Amygdalina (15, 30, 45, 60ml) at 4M Nacl solution. The experiment was evaluated using the weight or metal loss method. The results obtained were...
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Studying the Effect of Eco-addition Inhibitors on Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Concrete
Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada,
Ali I. Al-Mosawi,
Ali Amer A. Hadi
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2017
Pages:
81-86
Received:
28 April 2017
Accepted:
20 May 2017
Published:
3 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.be.20170103.14
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Abstract: Due to the high cost of repair of damaged constructions, some preventive measures, namely using, for example, rice husks as corrosion inhibitor admixtures were chosen as a prospective preventive technique. Along this approach, laboratory concrete samples were so prepared and sent to mechanical testing, and concurrently, the inhibitive potential of the rice husks suspended in electrolyte solution (water with dissolved sodium chloride of 3.5 wt.%) was also tested by using a standard electrochemical corrosion testing technique, i.e. the powdered rice husk was added to the electrolyte solution in different dosages (1%, 2% and 3%), then the corrosion currents of the steel samples were recorded by using a three-electrode cell assemblage. In these laboratory tests a quite steady decreasing tendency could be observed in the measured corrosion current densities (Icorr) compared to the case when the electrolyte solution did not contain any inhibitor admixture (Icorr=41.3 µA/cm2; taken as the reference). For example, a corrosion current of Icorr = 28.5 µA/cm2 was measured at 1% rice husk concentration, and only Icorr = 7.8 µA/cm2 when the solution was mixed with 3% rice husk powder.
Abstract: Due to the high cost of repair of damaged constructions, some preventive measures, namely using, for example, rice husks as corrosion inhibitor admixtures were chosen as a prospective preventive technique. Along this approach, laboratory concrete samples were so prepared and sent to mechanical testing, and concurrently, the inhibitive potential of ...
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An Outline of Some Key Recommendations to Improve and Manage Forest Trees in Northern Nigerian Soil Ecosystem –A Short Message
Suleiman Usman,
Abubakar Halilu Girei,
Michael Edet Nkereuwem
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2017
Pages:
87-92
Received:
4 May 2017
Accepted:
26 May 2017
Published:
3 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.be.20170103.15
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Abstract: In recent years, the concern about degradation and deforestation of forest trees has changed from negative consequences and decline of many important natural species, to thinking about ways to improve and manage the remaining plants in northern Nigeria. The benefits of this management has been noted to ensure the sustainable use of woods for fuel, honey for medicine and other human needs, fruits for eating, fodder and grasses for livestock and many other important plant resources for medicinal purposes in local communities. Deforestation and desertification caused serious damage to most of the forest areas in northern Nigeria. Many advices and practices continue to provide favourable environment for better management of the African forests. Sustainable forest management was considered as an alternative to maintains and improves the soil biodiversity, soil productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and potential of the economic values of northern Nigerian forest trees. As part of this sustainable forest management practices, this paper, provides an outline of some key recommendations on how to improve, maintain and manage forest trees and their soil biodiversity in the region.
Abstract: In recent years, the concern about degradation and deforestation of forest trees has changed from negative consequences and decline of many important natural species, to thinking about ways to improve and manage the remaining plants in northern Nigeria. The benefits of this management has been noted to ensure the sustainable use of woods for fuel, ...
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